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The primary characteristic of Broca's aphasia, often referred to as nonfluent aphasia, is the ability to speak only a word or two with effort. Individuals with this condition typically exhibit a significantly reduced ability to produce spoken language, resulting in short, labored phrases. While they often understand spoken language relatively well, the production of speech is markedly impaired, leading to fragmented sentences and difficulty with grammar.

This characteristic is central to the nature of Broca's aphasia, distinguishing it from other types of aphasia. Fluent speech with normal grammar, the hallmark of Wernicke's aphasia, is absent in individuals with Broca's aphasia. Similarly, those with this condition typically do not experience the same level of difficulty in understanding language as those with Wernicke's aphasia. The use of made-up words or jargon is more associated with fluent aphasias, further underscoring that Broca's aphasia is defined by its nonfluent nature.